Study Of Structuralism With Robert Stanton's Perspective In A Novel Every Night Is Separated By Alfiansyah On Language Learning Based On Literature

Robert Stanton's structuralism is a study that focuses on the means of storytelling by looking at gender perspective as a problem in the novel that will be discussed in this study. This study aims to (1) describe Robert Stanton's Structuralism in the form of a literary means of building the novel Every Night is Sepi by Alfiansyah; (2) describing the gender perspective in the novel Every Night is Sepi by Alfiansyah. This study uses a qualitative approach with the analysis of the content of Robert Stanton's model. The results showed structural elements focusing on the means of the story and gender perspective as follows: Literary means are things that are utilized by the author in choosing and arranging the details of the story. The novel Every Malam is Sepi is built by excellent literary means because it meets all elements, namely: title, point of view, style and tone, symbolism, and irony. The gender perspective in the novel Every Night is Sepi is gender equality and gender injustice. The novel's gender injustices are marginalization, subordination, stereotypes, violence against women, and the double burden


INTRODUCTION
Literary works are the result of human creativity in forms, such as poetry, novels, and short stories. The creation of literary works comes from the facts contained in life. The creation of literary works in such a way describes a society consisting of men and women with cultural and social aspects of various forms of life and their problems (Samur, Tops, & Koole, 2018). Not only the problems of women and men are represented in literary works, but also with the conflicts involved in them.
One form of literature that talks about humans with all their behavior and personality in life is a novel. The structure in the novel includes the theme, characterizations, plot, setting, and others. The structure of the novel forms an inseparable unity in a story by using language as a means of learning literature (Sugeng, 2018). One of the themes that began to be raised in novel literary works is the issue of gender. Gender prejudice is caused by misguided assumptions about gender and gender (Khandker, Gandhi, & Johnson, 2020).
The problems of men and women in life become interesting objects in literary works. Men and women are not only talking about gender but are different between gender and gender which are formed from the community's view of the nature or position of men and women in society. Gender is not merely talking about the differences in physical characteristics between men and women, but more broadly it refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women in society according to their potential and abilities (Pattni et al., 2017).
Therefore, in this study, the authors feel interested in further exploring the events from the gender perspective, which means discussing the issue of gender equality and gender inequality. The novel analyzed entitled Every Night Is Quiet (SMAS) is an essay by Alfiansyah or who is often called Aping. The researcher's interest in this novel is because SMAS is the work of a local writer from East Kalimantan. This novel has never been studied by previous researchers and is very interesting in terms of the plot and the story is easy to understand. The SMAS novel was published by the publisher of Abadi Karya, Balikpapan, in April 2019. Alfiansyah's novel SMAS is the first printing and has 320 pages. The novel tells the story of the first person, wherein the story there is an "I" character named Parmin Sudratjat who is an office boy or cleaning worker and delivery man at an old nightclub, in the city of Balikpapan, but still exists. At the nightclub, he met Floria, who worked as a night butterfly. Floria is a young girl who has to fight and survive in a big city to be able to support her parents and two biological children, where Floria is a single parent. There was a special relationship between Parmin and Floria, and even Parman visited Floria's boarding house several times.
In more depth, the novel SMAS will be analyzed with a gender perspective review to find out the form of gender equality and gender inequality in several characters in this novel. The author wants readers to know that in life, especially gender issues are also questioned in literary works. The issue of gender is raised by writers in their works, whether in novels, short stories, poetry, or other types of works. In general, what attracts the attention of readers in reading a novel is the story. The focus of the reader's attention is the image and stereotype of women in literary works (Thelwall, 2019).
In addition to a gender perspective review, previously this novel will also be studied based on its structure using Robert Stanton's structural theory to determine the building elements in the novel. Structural analysis of literary works can be done by identifying, reviewing, defining the functions and relationships between structures or intrinsic elements concerned (Stanton, 2007). The structural approach can be seen as one of the literary approaches that emphasize the study of the relationship between the building blocks of the work concerned (Nurgiyantoro, 2016). Based on the description of the previous explanation, it is necessary to have a more in-depth study of the SMAS novel with the title "Study of Structuralism of Robert Stanton's Novel Every Night Is Lonely by Alfiansyah: A Review of Gender Perspectives".
The problems that will be studied in this research are, (1) How is Robert Stanton's structuralism in the form of a literary tool that builds the novel Every Night is Alfiansyah'sSerene? (2) What is the gender perspective in Alfiansyah's novel Every Malam is Sepi?. The purpose of this study is to describe Robert Stanton's structuralism and to describe the gender perspective novel Every Night is Sepi Alfiansyah's.
The novel is one form of a literary work, which uses writing as an intermediary for conveying the author's message to the reader as well as one of the literary genres and also part of a fictional or real story. A novel is a fictional story in the form of writing or words that have building elements, namely intrinsic elements.
The study of structuralism covers a fairly broad field and involves many literary and linguistic experts. So, the discussion of structuralism takes a long time because it relates to many aspects of literary life. Structuralism is a methodology with ideological implications that unites all sciences into a new belief system (Manshur, 2019: 88).
Structuralism is a theory that examines the work as a whole and detaches itself from the reader and the author. So that the theory of structuralism is included in the objective approach. The objective approach must be based on an understanding of the text of the literary work. By definition, structuralism means understanding the elements, namely the structure itself and its interrelationship mechanism, on the one hand, between one element's relationships with other elements, on the other hand, the relationship between elements and their totality. So to understand the meaning of literary works optimally, structuralism analysis, namely the building blocks of literary works, is a stage that is difficult to avoid or more extreme, it must be done.
Considering that there are many elements that make up a literary work, this study, will be analyzed only on literary means. This is done because literary means have relevance to the object to be studied. The story tool is a technique used to select and arrange the details of the story (events and events) into a meaningful pattern. The purpose of using story means is to enable readers to see facts as they are seen by the author, to interpret the meaning of facts as interpreted by the author, and to feel the experience as felt by the author (Nurgiyantoro, 2016).
Literary tools can be interpreted as a method (the author) of selecting and compiling the details of the story in order to achieve meaningful patterns (Stanton, 2007). For this reason, it is seen that it is important and then it is necessary to do research on literary facilities. This method of literary means aims so that the reader can see the facts of the story conveyed by the author.
1. Title The the title is always relevant to the work he is working on so that the two form a single unit. This opinion is acceptable when the title refers to the main character or a particular setting. However, if the title refers to a detail that does not stand out. This kind of title is often an indication of the meaning of the story in question.

Viewpoint
From the destination side viewing angle is divided into four main types: (1) the first major, the characters tell a story in his own words, (2) the first side, the story is told by one character instead of the major (side) (3) limited third person, the author refers to all the characters and positions them in the third person but only describes what one character can see, hear and think, (4) third person-unlimited, the author refers to each character and positions them as third.

Style and tone
Style is a way of using language. Even if two authors use the same plot, characters, and setting, the results of their writing can be very different. These differences generally lie in language and spread in various aspects such as complexity, rhythm, sentence length, detail, humor, concreteness, and many images and metaphors. In addition, style can also be related to the intent and purpose of a story. An author may not choose a style that is suitable for himself but the style is precisely the theme of the story. AKSARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal P-ISSN 2407-8018 E-ISSN 2721-7310 DOI prefix 10.37905 Volume 07 (03) September 2021 http://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara

Symbolism
Symbolism is concrete and factual details and has the ability to bring out ideas and emotions in the reader's mind.

Irony
The irony is meant as a way of showing that something is contrary to what was previously thought. The world of fiction has two types of irony that are widely known, namely dramatic irony and ironic tone. Dramatic irony or irony of plot and situation usually emerges through the diametric contrast between a character's intentions and goals and the outcome or between expectations and what actually happened. While the tone of irony or verbal irony is used to refer to a way of expression that expresses meaning in the opposite way.

Gender Perspective
Understanding the concept of gender is actually a fundamental issue in order to explain the problem of equality of relationships, positions, roles, and responsibilities between women and men. With the existence of gender differences, there is an understanding of the differences between gender and gender roles (Gallus & Bhatia, 2020). Understanding of gender at the end shows different perspectives between men and women. Women are often considered weak, considered too demanding because of the nature of women who tend to use feelings compared to men, so they do not get their rights more properly (Olson et al., 2019).
Literary criticism with a gender perspective generally sees the diversity of gender identities in society as depicted in literary works and this criticism is also more used to show and echo gender equality (Rokhmansyah, 2016).

Gender Equality
The term gender equality in practice is almost always interpreted as a condition of inequality experienced by women (Rokhmansyah, 2016a). Gender equality is a condition in which all human beings (both men and women) are free to develop their abilities and make choices without being limited by stereotypes. and rigid gender roles. This doesn't mean that women and men should always be the same, but that their rights, responsibilities, and opportunities are not affected by whether they are born male or female. Gender equality also includes the elimination of discrimination and structural injustice, both against men and women. Gender justice means that there is no standardization of roles, double burdens, and violence against women and men.

Gender Inequity
The provision of different opportunities between men and women often leads to subordination, domination, marginalization, and discrimination against certain genders (Rokhmansyah, 2016: 19). The following are injustices resulting from gender discrimination.
a. Gender and Marginalization The process of marginalization (marginalization or impoverishment) that results in poverty, often occurs in people in developing countries such as evictions from their hometowns, exploitation, and so on. However, the impoverishment of women and men due to their gender is a form of injustice caused by gender.

b. Gender and Subordination
Subordination is an assessment or assumption that a role performed by men or women is inferior to others. Subordination is the belief that one gender is considered more important or more important than the other sex. There has long been a view that places the position and role of women as lower than that of men. In other words, a position or role that demeans the value of another role (Utaminingsih, 2017).

c. Gender and Stereotypes
Labeling or labeling (stereotype) which is often negative in general always breeds injustice. One type of stereotype that gives birth to gender inequality and discrimination comes from a gender perspective because it involves labeling or marking one particular gender, which is generally women (Fakih, 2007).

d. Gender and Violence
Violence means an attack that occurs both physically and non-physically by one gender or an institution, family, community, or state against the other sex. An act of violence is an act that is intentionally carried out by a person or a number of people who are in a strong position against a person or a number of people who are in a weak position so as to cause suffering to the object of violence (Munandar, 2011).

e. Gender and Excessive Workload
Another form of gender discrimination and injustice is the double burden that must be carried out by one particular gender in excess. The patriarchal culture assumes that women do not have the right to be the leader of the household so that they have the right to be regulated by their husbands. So that the domestic work that is charged by women seems identical to her. The gender bias that results in workloads is often amplified and is caused by the view or belief in society that work that is considered by society as a type of "female worker", like all domestic work, is considered and valued lower than the type of work that is considered as "male work". male", and categorized as "non-productive" so they are not counted in state statistics (Rokhmansyah, 2016).
The type of research used in this study is qualitative research because qualitative research is research on descriptive research and tends to use analysis. Process and meaning (subject perspective) are more highlighted in qualitative research.
This study uses a qualitative method, namely the study of literary works documents (Alfansyur & Mariyani, 2020). The qualitative research method is a research method based on the philosophy of postpositivism, used to examine the condition of natural objects, (as opposed to experiments) where the researcher is the key instrument, data collection techniques are carried out by triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive/qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize meaning rather than generalization (Akter et al., 2019).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1. Literary Facilities Literary
tools include elements of title, point of view, style and tone, symbolism, and irony. Literary tools are things used by authors in selecting and arranging story details in order to achieve meaningful patterns (Stanton, 2007). a. Title The title of literature in addition to referring to the character and setting can also refer to a number of elements that at first glance seem unimportant. The title of the novel Every Night is Quiet, representing the story in the novel, in the form of the author's life story and the circumstances in the novel. This can be seen in the quote below: AKSARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal P-ISSN 2407-8018 E-ISSN 2721-7310 DOI prefix 10.37905 Volume 07 (03) September 2021 http://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara "Before leaving, I looked in the mirror again. Daydream for a while. I'm the man in the mirror who always does the routine until I don't realize that time is eating away at my age. Even though I had showered and put on work clothes, my face still looked gloomy and pale. A face devoid of zest for life, gloomy and somewhat dark." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 12) "In this place, the nightlife will begin. Tonight was almost the same as the previous nights. No changes." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 14) The title Every Night is Lonely is a picture of someone who is in the same situation over and over again every day as in the story in this novel. It is said that my character works every night at a nightclub called Gelora Muda.

b. Point of View
The point of view used in the novel Every Night is Lonely is a first-person point of view. Quotes that show that using the first person point of view include the following: "I forgot, the day, month, or exact date, I started working at this place. I think it was more than two years ago. Just that. Ah, for what is the meaning of a number. The important thing is that I work and can eat. It is more than enough to sustain a short life and maintain life so as not to die in vain." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 15) "Yesterday afternoon I went to the puskesmas. The doctor suggested that I just rest, and not be too active. If two days later I was still sick, I was told to come back for a blood test. With a certificate from the doctor, I asked permission not to come to work. Going out of boarding house only needs to eat, buy rice packs. For the rest, I swallowed sleeping pills and headache medicine. If my head hurts from sleeping too much, I sit by the window. Seeing life outside while listening to jazz instruments that I tune on the speakers of my cell phone." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 91) Overall the novel Every Night is Lonely uses the first-person point of view, namely the main character who tells the story in his own words. Everything related to the thoughts, feelings, behavior, or events that my character does are described in the story. c. Style and Tone The following excerpt shows the author's style.
"It is now evening. From behind the window, I saw the faint twilight. I stopped writing. I better watch it and daydream. Instantly all the sounds and movements of the entire earth became silent and frozen. Electronic goods lose sound. People are just statues. Vehicles lose noise and motion. In the sky, I saw a flock of swallows that used to fly and make circles between buildings and announced that soon the twilight would pass, suddenly they stopped flapping, silent, silent, and hung between heaven and earth. It's time for the twilight to show off its elegance above the high-rise buildings." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 10) "Loving someone is like a passing wind, followed by the next wind that will blow him away. Then… Yes, that's what loving someone is like. Come, stop by for a while, leave, and some come, and so on." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 162) The language style used in the novel Every Night is Sepi, which is more dominant in using Indonesian and added a little touch with regional languages from Balikpapan and Banjar, South Kalimantan. The meaning of the regional language is explained in the section footnote. This is aimed at preserving regional languages and providing new knowledge for readers about regional languages, as well as indirectly informing that the author is from that area.
Some of the tones contained in the novel Every Night are Quiet as follows.
"So I asked, what is the meaning of living in this world? Don't be important, don't look for people, don't ruin people, don't annoy people, act mediocre, don't want to be number one, don't have ambitions, want to be a boss, don't want to act weird, all kinds of things, fuss over things what is not clear, when it comes to money, of course, it is always a matter to be fussed over." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 163) "The city is alive because there is a soul, what awakens the soul is the people who live in that place. In every soul, there must be found, commoners. The oppressed.
People who have given up on life. People always think that life is not always like this. Yeah, not like this." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 266) The tone displayed in the novel Every Night is Quiet, which is sarcastic. Sarcastic is a tone that contains criticism or satire. In this case, the critics are certain individuals and the government. tone This often appears piercing and critical.

d. Symbolism
In the novel Every Night is Lonely there is symbolism in the following quote.
"After eating I smoked. The Keegan cigarette that was on the table, only then did I know that there was still a Keegan cigarette there. After smoking, I want to sleep again, and wish sweet dreams." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 24) "This woman is so impudent. Just started working here, the style has gone too far. You're both cockroaches, arrogant!" (Alfiansyah, 2019: 68) The symbols that appear in the novel Every Night is Lonely are the calm and the cockroach. In the novel the word Keegan is written repeatedly to emphasize that my character's life is simple, so he can only buy Keegan cigarettes. e. Irony The irony contained in the novel Every Night is Lonely can be seen in the following quote.
"Wow, the salary is not much but you have to pay five million, what's the story? I have only three million in my wallet. Payday is still far away. How about this? Wow." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 18) "I also wonder why grandfather passed his writing on to my father, or rather to a bad person. In fact, the writing could have been passed on to Uncle Candra, the only brother of his father, as well as his younger brother. Uncle Candra is a good person. Ah, maybe Grandpa has other intentions as to why he bequeathed his most valuable treasure to the first child." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 27) The novel Every Night is Lonely shows a lot of dramatic ironies in which situations arise through the intentions and goals of a character, but the results are not as expected. AKSARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal P-ISSN 2407-8018 E-ISSN 2721-7310 DOI prefix 10.37905 Volume 07 (03) September 2021 There is no verbal irony in this novel. The contents of the novel do not contain the opposite meaning in each plot, but the true meaning where the novel Every Night is Lonely tells his true life.

Gender Perspective Gender a. equality
The form of gender equality contained in the novel Every Night is Quiet is in the following quote. "Until now, I still believe that love is true and must be committed to loyalty. Talking about commitment and loyalty, that's also what ruined my life until now. Until now I decided to respect women. One of them is not going to marry her. All women are without exception. After getting legally married, only then did I dare to marry a legal woman with me." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 278) "Bu Madan is more realistic. He doesn't want to be involved in all kinds of nonsense to become a rich man by investing and so on. For him, the hard work of running a business is the most real job that makes money. Of course, you must always be disciplined and consistent. Don't forget to always pray and be grateful." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 296) Gender equality in the novel Every Night is Lonely can be seen in the commitment and loyalty of my character to respect women no matter what the situation is. Then the positive image is shown by one of the female characters, she is assertive, realistic, and works hard in trying.
b. Gender Injustice 1. MarginalizationAre "don't you ashamed to still be out at night? I reminded you, I'm already working. Work! You have to know yourself, man. Remember the kids at home!" "Not. That's why I work! I'm here gin too for the sake of the kids." In the novel Every Night is Lonely there is a marginalization of women by not allowing them to work, even though the reason for working for the children is because her husband does not feed her. In the novel Every Night is Lonely there is subordination, namely looking down on a woman because the man feels powerful and has a respectable family. This results in women being unable to do anything with the form of subordination they experience because indirectly they are already under threat if they try to fight back.

Stereotype
"Some of them can still be polite. Sometimes there are also bosses who are heavily drunk and immediately rude to the song guide. Hold here and there and talk dirty.
Cursing the song guide with impudent language. "You bastard!", "You bastard! "You bitch!" I'm so sorry for that woman. Always getting a very cheeky word." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 58) In the novel Every Night is Lonely there are some negative labels for women and even the fall is like degrading women's dignity. Actually, this labeling should not happen because it will result in fatal things.

Violence
"My father was a very violent and violent person. My mother just got slapped that day for saying "why am I being told to leave"." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 27) "I will tell you a little about my experience seeing a woman's tears. When I see women cry, all my memories come back. A mother who is patient with father, who is always crying in the room because he was beaten by father and maybe because father lost another gamble." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 124) In the novel Every Night is Quiet, there are several acts of violence against women perpetrated by men, including physical violence in the form of sexual harassment, beatings, torture, and rape which resulted in feelings of torture and pressure. For nonphysical violence in the form of sexual exploitation, sexual harassment in the form of verbal.

Double Burden
"If Floria doesn't work like that, then what will her family eat. How can a widow like her support two children, take care of a sick father, and whose mother is physically no longer strong enough to grow rice in the landlord's land? Therefore, the parents understand that their child has a very high moral burden." (Alfiansyah, 2019: 43) In the novel Every Night is Lonely there is a double burden for women. Apart from being a housewife with two children, she also takes care of her father and provides for her mother, to the point that she pays all her father's debts in full. If he doesn't work, what will his family eat? So he worked hard to earn money.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of data analysis on the Novel Every Malam is Quiet by Alfiansyah, the researchers draw the following conclusions: The novel Every Night is Quiet was built with excellent literary tools because it fulfills all elements, namely: title, point of view, style and tone, symbolism, and irony.The